Soyuz TMA-M

Mission Profile

Soyuz TMA-M is the digital upgrade variant of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, replacing the aging Soviet-era analog flight computers with a modern digital control system while retaining the proven aerodynamic and structural design. First flown on 7 October 2010, it introduced the new TSVM-101 flight computer that reduced instrument panel complexity and improved fault management capabilities. Soyuz TMA-M carried crews to the ISS for six years across 20 missions before being superseded by the further upgraded Soyuz MS in 2016. The TMA-M represented the most thorough internal modernization of the Soyuz since the TM variant was introduced in 1986, extending the spacecraft's operational relevance into the commercial spaceflight era.