Volna O

Volna-O

Mission Profile

The Volna O (Volna-O) was a three-stage Russian launch vehicle derived from the R-29 family submarine-launched ballistic missile, a modified Volna variant with an additional upper stage for improved orbital delivery. First flying in June 2005, the Volna O was used for the Cosmos 1 solar sail mission attempt, which failed to reach orbit, contributing to the limited track record of submarine-launched space launch vehicles.